One such medicinal plant that contains PAs is comfrey ( Symphytum officinale L., Boraginaceae), which is regarded as being an effective phytopharmaceutical for humans because of its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and proliferative properties. New strategies might help to optimize the clinical and economic benefits of herbal medicine by minimizing its toxic and hazardous effects, e.g., by reducing or ultimately shutting down PA-production within in vitro systems. At present, sophisticated extraction or purification procedures can be applied to reduce the level of toxic PAs in preparations of PA-containing plants, but these methods are laborious and expensive. This limits our ability to make use of a natural health-care approach. Accordingly, the effect of such a restrictive policy is that, whenever a natural compound is shown to have some level of toxicity, as is the case for PAs, all medicinal herbs containing that compound are excluded from use. Numerous medicinal herbs are restricted for oral consumption as their PA levels exceed the maximum tolerance levels defined for pharmaceuticals. Therefore, despite the beneficial characteristics of their valuable metabolites, the medicinal use of these herbs has been limited by several organizations such as BfArM, IPCS, FDA, and AHPA because of the reported toxicity of PAs. Several traditional medicinal plants contain, in addition to metabolites with various valuable nutritional and therapeutic properties, a structurally diverse group of compounds called the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), many of which are regarded as being toxic and having the potential to cause human poisoning. These observations are discussed with regard to the potential use of such a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated approach for the economical exploitation of in vitro systems in a medicinal plant and for further studies of PA biosynthesis in non-model plants. Further analyses showed that PA-free HRs possessed, at least in traces, detectable amounts of homospermidine, and that the PA patterns of manipulated HRs were different from those of control lines. PAs were detectable once again after the HSS-deficient HRs were fed homospermidine confirming that the inability of these roots to produce PAs was only attributable to the inactivated HSS and not to any unidentified off-target effect of the CRISPR/Cas9 approach. Inactivation of only one of the two hss alleles resulted in HRs with significantly reduced levels of homospermidine and PAs, whereas no alkaloids were detectable in HRs with two inactivated hss alleles. The resulting hairy root (HR) lines were analyzed for the type of gene-editing effect that they exhibited and for their homospermidine and PA content. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach, we introduced detrimental mutations into the hss gene encoding homospermidine synthase (HSS), the first pathway-specific enzyme of PA biosynthesis. However, its pharmaceutical application is hampered by the co-occurrence of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in its tissues. Very friendly and helpful.Comfrey ( Symphytum officinale) is a medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and proliferative properties. They were particularly accommodating of my need to have this order very urgently. The service from these folks keeps getting better.
Thanks again also for the promotional emails, the alert to the clearance Sale, very helpful on this occasion. Received my order the next day, so very pleased. Ordered on the 14th, arrived on the 16th and we are on Rural Delivery. My first order and I was very impressed by the speed of delivery. Fast delivery,total 6days from NZ TO CHN. I have to say it is a amazing shopping.Good service. Highly recommend people try them out, I don't think you will be disappoin. They prices are cheaper than anywhere else, super quick delivery (as long as the item is in stock) and super friendly and efficient communication. This is my 5th order with My Natural Health. Love that there are always awesome deals running. I have thoroughly enjoyed this website! So many lovely natural products and competitive prices. Super fast process and delivery, also makes everyone feel special and not just a number. This company is the BEST to deal with bar none ! If the shop will be able to reduce the cost of delivery to China ,I think there will be more orders.
Naman choudhary is a very patient person, both on a business trip, or on sick leave, he patiently answered my questions, thank you very much. Very happy with this website, prices and very speedy delivery.
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